El símbolo guatemalteco de la libertad: el resplandeciente quetzal
Adorado por mayas y aztecas, el quetzal es el símbolo de Guatemala . Este simbolismo no es casual: la tradición local lo considera un símbolo de libertad porque se creía que prefería morir de hambre antes que vivir prisionero.
El resplandeciente quetzal es un ave con un nombre acertado que muchos consideran una de las más bellas del mundo. Estos animales de colores vibrantes viven en los bosques tropicales montañosos de Centroamérica, donde comen frutas, insectos, lagartos y otras criaturas pequeñas.
Los quetzales brillantes tienen un cuerpo verde (que muestra una iridiscencia de verde dorado a azul violeta) y un pecho rojo. Dependiendo de la luz, las plumas de quetzal pueden brillar en una variedad de colores: desde verde hasta cobalto, lima, amarillo y azul ultramar. El macho tiene una cresta en forma de casco. Sus plumas iridiscentes, que las hacen parecer brillantes y verdes como las hojas de los árboles, son una adaptación de camuflaje para esconderse dentro del bosque durante el tiempo lluvioso.
Durante la temporada de apareamiento, a los quetzales machos les crecen plumas gemelas en la cola que forman una increíble cola de hasta tres pies (un metro) de largo. Las hembras no tienen colas largas, pero comparten el color azul, verde y rojo brillante de sus compañeros. En cualquier caso, los colores de los machos tienden a ser más vibrantes porque se utilizan para atraer a las hembras durante el período de apareamiento.
El Quetzal o, como también conocido, el Trogón Espléndido, fue tomado como símbolo de libertad desde la época maya debido a una creencia popular según la cual se dejaba morir de hambre, en lugar de vivir en cautiverio .
Las hermosas plumas verdes del Quetzal fueron utilizadas por los antiguos mayas para hacer diademas que sólo las personas más importantes tenían el privilegio de llevar en la cabeza. Estas plumas eran consideradas tan preciosas que incluso se utilizaban como moneda de cambio.
Durante muchos siglos, el Quetzal jugó un papel muy importante entre los pueblos indígenas de Centroamérica, y estuvo asociado con el dios del viento Quetzalcóatl . Las largas plumas verdes de la cola eran consideradas por los indígenas una característica derivada de los reptiles y por ello el Quetzal representaba una especie de vínculo entre un pájaro y una serpiente y, en consecuencia, una especie de vínculo entre el cielo y la tierra . En muchas lenguas mayas, por esta razón, el término quetzal también asumió el significado de “sagrado” o “consagrado por los dioses”.
Según una leyenda maya, el príncipe guerrero Tecún Umán, último gobernante de los mayas quiché durante la conquista española, tenía a uno de los pájaros como guía espiritual. Cuenta la leyenda que cuando murió, el pájaro descendió en picado y aterrizó sobre su cuerpo sangrante, dejándolo con distintivas plumas rojas en el pecho.
Otra leyenda afirma que el quetzal cantaba maravillosamente antes de la conquista española, pero desde entonces ha permanecido en silencio; Sólo volverá a cantar cuando la tierra sea verdaderamente libre.
Durante las luchas contra los españoles, el quetzal se convirtió en símbolo de libertad e independencia, y aún conserva este significado oficial en Guatemala, donde aparece en la bandera y en los sellos postales. Debido a que en la antigua cultura maya las plumas de la cola del quetzal se utilizaban como moneda, y el ave siempre tuvo un valor muy importante para todos los guatemaltecos, eligieron esta denominación para la moneda nacional. El quetzal (código GTQ) es la unidad monetaria de Guatemala desde 1925.
Una reproducción del ave sagrada para los mayas está incluso presente en la bandera de Guatemala.
Esta devoción a la libertad también se evoca en el himno nacional de Guatemala, que contiene la letra " antes muerto que esclavo será " en referencia al pájaro.
El quetzal es también uno de los símbolos textiles más importantes. Los huipiles, las blusas tradicionales y otras prendas de la tradición textil maya , suelen estar decoradas con representaciones de estas aves sagradas, teñidas naturalmente de colores brillantes y alegres como los reales, como deseo de libertad y buena suerte.
Por último, pero no menos importante, nuestra querida ciudad, a la que sus habitantes gustan llamar comúnmente por su antiguo nombre Xela, también lleva oficialmente el nombre de Quetzaltenango , que significa " ciudad de los Quetzales ".
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