Le symbole guatémaltèque de la liberté : le Quetzal resplendissant
Vénéré par les Mayas et les Aztèques, le Quetzal est le symbole du Guatemala . Ce symbolisme n'est pas fortuit : la tradition locale le considère comme un symbole de liberté , car on croyait qu'il préférait mourir de faim plutôt que de vivre en prison.
Le quetzal resplendissant est un oiseau qui porte bien son nom et que beaucoup considèrent comme l'un des plus beaux du monde. Cet animal aux couleurs vives vit dans les forêts tropicales montagneuses d'Amérique centrale où il se nourrit de fruits, d'insectes, de lézards et d'autres petites créatures.
Les quetzals luisants ont un corps vert (irisé du vert-doré au bleu-violet) et une poitrine rouge. Selon la lumière, leurs plumes peuvent briller de différentes couleurs : du vert au cobalt, en passant par le vert citron, et du jaune au bleu outremer. Le mâle possède une crête en forme de casque. Leurs plumes irisées, qui les font paraître brillants et verts comme les feuilles des arbres, constituent un camouflage pour se cacher dans la forêt par temps pluvieux.
Pendant la saison des amours, les quetzals mâles développent des plumes jumelles sur leur queue, formant une étonnante traîne pouvant atteindre un mètre de long. Les femelles n'ont pas de longues traînes, mais partagent les couleurs éclatantes de leurs partenaires, bleu, vert et rouge. Quoi qu'il en soit, les mâles ont tendance à avoir des couleurs plus vives, car elles servent à attirer les femelles pendant la période de reproduction.
Le Quetzal ou, comme on l'appelle aussi, le Splendide Trogon, était considéré comme un symbole de liberté depuis l'époque maya en raison d'une croyance populaire selon laquelle il se laisserait mourir de faim, plutôt que de vivre en captivité .
Les magnifiques plumes vertes du Quetzal étaient utilisées par les anciens Mayas pour confectionner des diadèmes que seuls les personnages les plus importants avaient le privilège de porter sur la tête. Ces plumes étaient considérées comme si précieuses qu'elles servaient même de monnaie d'échange.
Pendant des siècles, le Quetzal a joué un rôle essentiel parmi les peuples autochtones d'Amérique centrale et était associé au dieu du vent Quetzalcoatl . Les longues plumes vertes de sa queue étaient considérées par les peuples autochtones comme une caractéristique des reptiles. Le Quetzal représentait donc une sorte de lien entre l'oiseau et le serpent, et donc entre le ciel et la terre . C'est pourquoi, dans de nombreuses langues mayas, le terme quetzal a également pris le sens de « sacré » ou « consacré par les dieux ».
Selon une légende maya, le prince guerrier Tecún Umán, dernier souverain des Mayas Quichés lors de la conquête espagnole, avait un de ces oiseaux comme guide spirituel. La légende raconte qu'à sa mort, l'oiseau fondit sur son corps ensanglanté, lui laissant des plumes rouges caractéristiques sur la poitrine.
Une autre légende raconte que le quetzal chantait magnifiquement avant la conquête espagnole, mais qu'il est resté silencieux depuis ; il ne chantera à nouveau que lorsque la terre sera vraiment libre.
Durant les luttes contre les Espagnols, le quetzal devint un symbole de liberté et d'indépendance, et il conserve encore cette signification officielle au Guatemala, où il figure sur le drapeau et les timbres-poste. Comme les plumes de la queue du quetzal servaient de monnaie dans la culture maya ancienne et que l'oiseau avait toujours eu une valeur très importante pour tous les Guatémaltèques, ils ont choisi cette dénomination pour la monnaie nationale. Le quetzal (code GTQ) est l'unité monétaire du Guatemala depuis 1925.
Une reproduction de l'oiseau sacré des Mayas est même présente sur le drapeau du Guatemala.
Ce dévouement à la liberté est également évoqué dans l'hymne national guatémaltèque, qui contient les paroles « antes muerto que esclavo sera » (« plutôt la mort que l'esclavage ») en référence à l'oiseau.
Le quetzal est également l'un des symboles textiles les plus importants. Les huipiles, blouses traditionnelles et autres vêtements de la tradition textile maya , sont souvent ornés de représentations de ces oiseaux sacrés, teints naturellement dans des couleurs vives et gaies, comme les vrais, en guise de vœux de liberté et de chance.
Enfin, notre chère ville, que les habitants aiment appeler communément par son ancien nom Xela, est également officiellement nommée Quetzaltenango , ce qui signifie « ville du Quetzal ».
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