El quetzal: Ave sagrada de Guatemala y símbolo de libertad
¿Qué es el Quetzal? El ave nacional de Guatemala
Adorado por mayas y aztecas, el Quetzal es el símbolo de Guatemala. Este simbolismo no es accidental: la tradición local lo considera un símbolo de libertad porque se creía que prefería morir de hambre antes que vivir como prisionero.
El quetzal resplandeciente es un pájaro muy bien nombrado que muchos consideran entre los más bellos del mundo. Estos animales de colores vibrantes viven en los bosques montañosos y tropicales de Centroamérica, donde comen frutas, insectos, lagartos y otras pequeñas criaturas.
Los colores del Quetzal
Los quetzales resplandecientes tienen un cuerpo verde (mostrando iridiscencia de verde-dorado a azul-púrpura) y un pecho rojo. Dependiendo de la luz, las plumas del quetzal pueden brillar en una variación de colores: desde verde, hasta cobalto, hasta lima, desde amarillo hasta azul ultramar. El macho tiene una cresta en forma de casco. Sus plumas iridiscentes, que los hacen parecer brillantes y verdes como las hojas de los árboles, son una adaptación de camuflaje para esconderse dentro del bosque durante el tiempo lluvioso.
Durante la temporada de apareamiento, los quetzales machos desarrollan dos plumas de cola que forman una asombrosa cola de hasta un metro (tres pies) de largo. Las hembras no tienen colas largas, pero comparten el brillante colorido azul, verde y rojo de sus parejas. En cualquier caso, los colores de los machos tienden a ser más vibrantes porque se usan para atraer a las hembras durante el período de apareamiento.
Por qué el Quetzal simboliza la libertad
El Quetzal o, como también se le conoce, el Trogón Espléndido, fue tomado como símbolo de libertad desde la época maya debido a una creencia popular según la cual se dejaría morir de hambre, antes que vivir en cautiverio.
Las hermosas plumas verdes del Quetzal eran utilizadas por los antiguos mayas para hacer diademas que solo las personas más importantes tenían el privilegio de llevar en la cabeza. Estas plumas eran consideradas tan preciosas que incluso se usaban como moneda de cambio.
El Quetzal en las tradiciones mayas
Durante muchos siglos, el Quetzal jugó un papel muy importante entre los pueblos indígenas de Centroamérica, y se asoció con el dios del viento Quetzalcóatl. Las largas plumas verdes de la cola eran consideradas por los indígenas una característica derivada de los reptiles y, por lo tanto, el Quetzal representaba una especie de vínculo entre un pájaro y una serpiente y, consecuentemente, una especie de vínculo entre el cielo y la tierra. En muchos idiomas mayas, por esta razón, el término quetzal también adquirió el significado de “sagrado” o “consagrado por los dioses”.
El Quetzal en las leyendas mayas
Según una leyenda maya, el príncipe guerrero Tecún Umán, el último gobernante de los mayas quiché durante la conquista española, tenía una de estas aves como guía espiritual. La leyenda cuenta que, cuando murió, el pájaro descendió y se posó sobre su cuerpo sangrante, dejándole plumas rojas distintivas en el pecho.
Otra leyenda afirma que el quetzal cantaba hermosamente antes de la conquista española, pero ha permanecido en silencio desde entonces; solo volverá a cantar cuando la tierra sea verdaderamente libre.
El Quetzal en la identidad guatemalteca hoy
Durante las luchas contra los españoles, el quetzal se convirtió en un símbolo de libertad e independencia, y aún conserva este significado oficial en Guatemala, donde aparece en la bandera y en los sellos postales. Debido a que en la antigua cultura maya las plumas de la cola del quetzal se usaban como moneda, y el ave siempre tuvo un valor muy importante para todos los guatemaltecos, eligieron esta denominación para la moneda nacional. El quetzal (código GTQ) ha sido la unidad monetaria de Guatemala desde 1925. El ave sagrada también aparece en el escudo de la bandera guatemalteca.
Esta devoción a la libertad también se evoca en el himno nacional guatemalteco, que contiene la letra "antes muerto que esclavo será" en referencia al ave.
Nuestra querida ciudad, que a los habitantes les gusta llamar comúnmente por su antiguo nombre Xela, también se llama oficialmente Quetzaltenango, que significa "ciudad del Quetzal" en náhuatl.
El Quetzal en los textiles y huipiles mayas
El quetzal es también uno de los símbolos textiles más importantes. Los huipiles, las blusas tradicionales y otras prendas de la tradición textil maya, a menudo están decorados con representaciones de estas aves sagradas, teñidas naturalmente con colores brillantes y alegres como los reales, como un deseo de libertad y buena suerte.
Ven a visitarnos a Quetzaltenango o "la tierra del Quetzal" para aprender a bordar tu propio quetzal en un proyecto de telar de cintura y encontrar textiles hechos a mano con el extravagante pájaro.
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